Seminars in Roentgenology RSS feed: Current Issue. Seminars in Roentgenology is designed primarily for the practicing radiologist and for the resident. Each quarterly issue compiled by a leading guest editor covers a single topic of current importance. The clinical, pathological, and roentgenologic aspects are emphasized, while research and techniques are discussed insofar as they provide documentation and clarification of the subject under discussion. This Seminars series is of interest to radiologists, sonographers, and radiologic technicians. 2010 Topics , Volume 45, Issues 1-4 January Breast Imaging April Musculoskeletal MRI July Neuroimaging: The Essentials October Interstitial Lung Disease http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Seminars in Roentgenology0037-198X452April 2010 © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000741/abstract?rss=yesWhy do we eat what we eat, how much we eat, when we eat, and with whom we eat? Food choice is influenced by many interrelated factors. The key drivers for eating are hunger and satiety, but what we choose to eat is not determined solely by physiological or nutritional needs. Other factors that influence our food choice are taste, smell, and appearance of food, likes and dislikes, knowledge and attitudes related to diet and health, habit, social context when eating, cooking skills, beliefs regarding organic diet, and other cultural, religious and economic factors. Eating occurs within a “zone of biological indifference,” in which the individual is neither genuinely hungry nor genuinely sated. People confess to eating all kinds of unusual food combinations when eating alone, such as fried Spam and grape jelly, ice cream with sea salt, and mashed potatoes with brownies bites. In his book, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite, David Kessler describes how the restaurant industry has used the addictive powers of the combination of sugar, fat, and salt to get people hooked on foods they can't resist. According to Brian Wansink at Cornell University, “We are a nation of mindless eaters.” He has shown that adding food coloring to every tenth Pringle potato chip, to suggest a portion, cuts potato chip intake in half. In another study, he gave free, stale popcorn in either a medium or large sized container to people going for a movie. A majority of the eaters thought the popcorn was “stale,” “soggy,” or “terrible” but the people receiving the large bucket still ate 34% more than the people who got the smaller container. Studies have shown that people don't even realize differences in the size of portions served.Letter From the Editor: Food for ThoughtJannette Collins10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.002Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-55758http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000923/abstract?rss=yesAs I reviewed my authors' manuscripts for this issue on Neuroimaging: The Essentials, I contemplated the remarkable changes that have occurred in the field of neuroradiology in such a short period. In my earliest exposure to the subspecialty while working as a radiologic technologist in the angiography suite, we were still performing angiography to diagnose subdural hematomas in trauma patients. (I can't believe I'm admitting to being this old in print). Contrast this to the current methods of imaging head trauma, which are reviewed by Drs Aiken and Gean.Letter from the Guest EditorRebecca S. Cornelius10.1053/j.ro.2009.10.001Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-55959http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000820/abstract?rss=yesWe report a complicated case of an acquired pars flaccida cholesteatoma and discuss its distinctive features. A 16-year-old female presented with her mother to the emergency department of her local children's hospital with a chief complaint of 2 small draining left retroauricular nodules and decreased hearing. She also reported that she was diagnosed with otitis media 2 months earlier that required prolonged oral antibiotic therapy, and she had tympanostomy tubes placed in her left ear when she was younger. The remaining of her past medial history was otherwise noncontributory.Case of the Season: Acquired CholesteatomaIan T. Fischer, Rebecca S. Cornelius10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.010Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-56062http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000790/abstract?rss=yesTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, producing a substantial socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems. Globally, an estimated 10 million people are affected annually by TBI. In the USA alone, it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals under the age of 44, and its cost has been estimated to be over 40 billion dollars annually. Of reported TBI cases, approximately 85% are classified as mild TBI. Unfortunately, mild TBI is the least well understood in definition, imaging strategies, and correlation between imaging findings and long-term outcome. Computed tomography (CT) underestimates the extent of injury, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also an inadequate predictor of outcome. Studies have shown that even “imaging negative” mild TBI subjects have persistent deficits in attention, working memory, and executive functions.Imaging of Head TraumaAshley H. Aiken, Alisa D. Gean10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.007Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-56379http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000765/abstract?rss=yesWith the ever expanding role that imaging plays in the triage, diagnosis, and follow-up of patients in combination with widespread international travel and a growing immunocompromised patient population, intracranial infection is likely to be encountered almost daily by the radiologist. The myriad presentations of central nervous system (CNS) disease have extensive overlap among infectious, neoplastic, and vascular etiologies. The radiologists' ability to best categorize a process as infectious with further subdivision into categories, such as intra-axial, extra-axial, congenital, or atypical can prove invaluable to the clinician.Imaging of Infections of the Brain and MeningesDaniel P. Hsu10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.004Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-58091http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000789/abstract?rss=yesThe primary goals of brain tumor imaging are lesion detection, localization, delineation of extent, and characterization. This information is used to formulate an appropriate differential diagnosis that is extremely helpful for the referring neuro-surgeons and the neuro-oncologists. In addition, imaging studies play a vital role in therapy planning, such as stereotactic location for surgery or radiotherapy, and assessing response to therapy.Imaging of Common Adult and Pediatric Primary Brain TumorsHumberto Morales, Mary Gaskill-Shipley10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.006Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-592106http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000753/abstract?rss=yesComputed tomography angiography (CTA) has evolved rapidly over the past decade, revolutionizing the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases in both emergent and outpatient settings. The advantages of CTA include its widespread availability, rapid acquisition time, and relative low risk to patients. Diagnostic advantages also include high spatial resolution, simultaneous visualization of the vessel wall and lumen, and volumetric acquisition without geometrical constraints. The main disadvantages of CTA include the use of potentially renotoxic contrast material and ionizing radiation to the patient. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) offers competitive noninvasive results to CTA, although the spatial resolution of magnetic resonance (MR) is often lower than with computed tomography (CT). Also, MR is more susceptible to motion and flow-related artifacts. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard for evaluation of the vasculature of the head and neck but is an invasive procedure which is not without its own limitations. This article reviews some of the current clinical applications of CTA in neuroimaging, which include the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms, acute stroke, carotid artery stenosis, and trauma.Applications of Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) in NeuroimagingWilliam T. O'Brien, Achala S. Vagal, Rebecca S. Cornelius10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.003Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-5107115http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000832/abstract?rss=yesComputed tomography perfusion (CTP) is a safe, fast, and widely available technique, which provides crucial information about the capillary level hemodynamics within the brain, particularly the identification of tissue that is ischemic and potentially at risk of infarction. This review will highlight the CTP principles, its technique and the various clinical applications, extending beyond the realm of acute stroke.Computed Tomography Perfusion: Acute Stroke and BeyondSugoto Mukherjee, Prashant Raghavan, C. Douglas Phillips10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.011Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-5116125http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000819/abstract?rss=yesThis article discusses imaging findings of the cortical and subcortical neurodegenerative diseases. Spinocerebellar ataxia and neurodegenerative diseases secondary to vascular insults (multiinfarction dementia, Binswanger's disease, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, and amyloid angiopathy) are beyond the scope of this discussion.Imaging in Neurodegenerative DisordersAyse Aralasmak, Mehmet Kocak10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.009Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-5126136http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000807/abstract?rss=yesWith advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies, new powerful techniques emerge that are immensely valuable in solving clinical problems. The objectives of this article are to review the basic principles and the clinical applications of the most commonly used advanced magnetic resonance (MR) neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion, spectroscopy, and perfusion imaging.Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Neuroimaging: Diffusion, Spectroscopy, and PerfusionSahil Sood, Ajay Gupta, Apostolos J. Tsiouris10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.008Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-5137146http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X09000777/abstract?rss=yesOver the past 2 decades, significant advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have opened an entirely new field of evaluating regions of neural activity based on focal metabolic changes. Nuclear medicine studies with single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography, over many years, have shown that areas of brain activity have increased blood flow, and the ability to measure increases in oxygen concentration allows detection of these regions of activity. Correlating imaging with specific neural activity is referred to as brain mapping. The ability to observe brain function with MRI during specific tasks and more recently in the resting state is called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Functional Magnetic Resonance ImagingLubdha M. Shah, Jeffrey S. Anderson, James N. Lee, Richard Wiggins10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.005Seminars in Roentgenology 45, 2 (2010)2010-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2010-04-01452S0037-198X(10)X0002-5147156