Seminars in Roentgenology RSS feed: Current Issue. Seminars in Roentgenology is designed primarily for the practicing radiologist and for the resident. Each quarterly issue compiled by a leading guest editor covers a single topic of current importance. The clinical, pathological, and roentgenologic aspects are emphasized, while research and techniques are discussed insofar as they provide documentation and clarification of the subject under discussion. This Seminars series is of interest to radiologists, sonographers, and radiologic technicians. 2012 Topics , Volume 47, Issues 1-4 January Pediatric Imaging Update, Part I April Pediatric Imaging Update, Part II July Cardiac Imaging October Imaging of Trauma http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Seminars in Roentgenology0037-198X471January 2012 © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000629/abstract?rss=yesBefore 2001, most pediatric imaging was conducted by use of the same or similar techniques used for adult imaging. In 2001, several investigators reported that this approach was not necessary and resulted in estimated radiation doses to children to be as much as 3 times that given to an adult. The Image Gently Campaign was launched in January 2008 as an initiative of the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging. The goal of Image Gently was to change practice by increasing awareness of the opportunities to lower radiation dose in the imaging of children. Answer the following questions to test your awareness of computed tomography (CT) and radiation safety. Letter From the Editor: Pediatric Imaging and Radiation SafetyJannette Collins10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.001Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-612http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000939/abstract?rss=yesPediatric imaging is a unique radiology subspecialty, which encompasses all aspects of organ systems, congenital and acquired disorders, and imaging modalities. Due to a wide variety of currently and clinically relevant topics in pediatric body imaging, the collection of articles on pediatric body imaging for the Seminars in Roentgenology have been divided into two separate issues. In this and the next issue, I am pleased to present articles devoted to practical reviews of various common and uncommon conditions in the pediatric population. As the guest editor for these two issues focusing on pediatric body imaging, I have selected topics with the aim of providing both radiologists and clinicians caring for pediatric patients with up-to-date information regarding imaging assessment of clinically oriented problems that are currently encountered in daily practice.Letter From the Guest Editor: Pediatric Body Imaging, Part IEdward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.10.002Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-633http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000988/abstract?rss=yesA 13-year-old girl presented to her primary care provider with progressively worsening fatigue and shortness of breath over the past 2 years. The patient was previously healthy, without known significant underlying medical problems or recent acute illness. Vital signs were notable for an oxygen saturation of 85% on room air. On physical examination, lungs were found to be clear to auscultation, with no evidence of respiratory distress. Laboratory findings were unremarkable, including a normal white blood cell count.Case of the Season: Pulmonary Arteriovenous MalformationJason Tsai, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.10.003Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-646http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000630/abstract?rss=yesThe optimal evaluation and management of pediatric neck masses relies on a clear understanding of neck anatomy and the pathogenesis of specific disorders. Neck masses in children arise from a variety of underlying conditions, such as congenital, neoplastic, inflammatory, or infectious conditions. Although a thorough history and physical examination may narrow differential diagnostic considerations, imaging evaluation plays an important role, particularly for the pediatric neck masses that do not respond to therapy and require surgical resection. In this article, considerations for optimal use of various currently available imaging modalities, fundamental imaging techniques, and imaging characteristics of the commonly encountered pediatric neck masses are reviewed.Neck Masses in Children: Current Imaging Guidelines and Imaging FindingsNadja Kadom, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.002Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-6720http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000642/abstract?rss=yesThe newborn with intestinal obstruction can elicit unease in many radiologists and neonatologists. The clinical presentation may be nonspecific, with bilious or nonbilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and often failure to pass meconium evident. The etiology of neonatal intestinal obstruction could lie anywhere from esophagus to anus. Some disorders, such as malrotation with midgut volvulus, are life-threatening and require prompt decision-making, whereas others, such as duodenal atresia, which often have a similar clinical presentation, may be managed semielectively. This is one scenario in which the application of a logical approach, radiology, provides the most definitive information. The overarching goal of this article is to provide a helpful and practical imaging strategy for evaluating newborn intestinal obstruction and to review the myriad causes as well as their characteristic imaging features.Practical Imaging Approach to Bowel Obstruction in Neonates: A Review and UpdateJanet R. Reid10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.003Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-62131http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000654/abstract?rss=yesAlthough a wide variety of abdominal masses can present in pediatric patients, the focus of this review is on congenital abdominal masses, i.e. those that are present at birth, and therefore diagnosed in utero or in the neonatal period. These masses, although relatively rare, must be evaluated effectively to expedite diagnosis and treatment. In this article, considerations for optimal use of various currently available imaging modalities, principal imaging techniques, and imaging characteristics of the commonly encountered congenital abdominal masses are reviewed.Current Imaging Assessment of Congenital Abdominal Masses in Pediatric PatientsGabriella L. Crane, Marta Hernanz-Schulman10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.004Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-63244http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000666/abstract?rss=yesMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important noninvasive imaging modality, particularly for preoperative and postoperative evaluation of thoracic large vessels in pediatric patients. Although transthoracic echocardiography is currently the main diagnostic imaging tool for evaluation of intracardiac lesions in infants and young children, MRI, as a less-invasive alternative to conventional angiography or computed tomography (CT), has been increasingly used to assess extracardiac thoracic large vessels in pediatric patients. The combination of a large field of view, arbitrary planes of evaluation, high spatial and temporal resolution, excellent image contrast, and lack of ionizing radiation makes MRI an ideal noninvasive method for evaluating pediatric patients with thoracic large vessel anomalies and abnormalities.Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Thoracic Large Vessels in ChildrenEdward Y. Lee, Lorna P. Browne, Wendy Lam10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.005Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-64555http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000678/abstract?rss=yesThere is a relatively high incidence of congenital anomalies of the urogenital tract (UGT) in the pediatric population. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of UGT abnormalities, but given the inherent risks of ionizing radiation, care must be taken when choosing the particular modality and protocol to image children with suspected pathology. We review the imaging techniques commonly in practice for imaging the pediatric UGT and describe imaging features of common congenital anomalies. In addition, we also discuss a brief review of acquired abnormalities, with an emphasis on testicular and ovarian torsion, infections, and tumors.Essentials of Genitourinary Disorders in Children: Imaging EvaluationGrace S. Phillips, Angelisa Paladin10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.006Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-65665http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000927/abstract?rss=yesAdvances in surgical techniques and clinical management continue to improve the survival and quality of life of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). In recent years, cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has been increasingly used for postoperative evaluation in these patients. Cardiac CTA is particularly beneficial when alternative imaging modalities, such as echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are limited or contraindicated. For example, patients may have poor acoustic windows for echocardiography because of a large body habitus or immediate postoperative status. Likewise, metallic implanted devices, such as embolization coils, stents, clips, and occlusion devices may be associated with susceptibility artifacts, which can cause substantial limitation for MRI examinations. In addition, the majority of implantable pacemaker and defibrillator devices are contraindications for MRI examinations.64-Row-MDCT Evaluation of Postoperative Congenital Heart Disease in Children: Review of Technique and Imaging FindingsAditya P. Sunidja, Sanjay P. Prabhu, Edward Y. Lee, Laureen Sena10.1053/j.ro.2011.10.001Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-66678http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X1100068X/abstract?rss=yesThe chest wall is composed of various structural components, including bones, nerves, muscles, vessels, and subcutaneous tissues. Within each of these anatomic structures, chest wall lesions in pediatric patients can arise from a wide variety of conditions, including congenital anomalies, infection, benign and malignant neoplasms, and trauma. Imaging evaluation plays an important role in managing both asymptomatic and symptomatic chest wall lesions in children by (1) localizing and characterizing the lesions; (2) differentiating normal variants from abnormalities; and (3) helping to generate differential diagnostic considerations. In this review article we present an imaging update of chest wall lesions with emphasis on techniques and imaging findings of selected lesions in the pediatric population.Updates on Imaging of Chest Wall Lesions in Pediatric PatientsRicardo Restrepo, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.007Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-67989http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11000691/abstract?rss=yesBone lesions in children are very common and include true bone tumors and tumor-like lesions. More than one-half of all childhood bone neoplasms are benign. The most common benign bone lesions in children are nonossifying fibroma, osteochondroma, cortical desmoid, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, unicameral bone cyst, and aneurysmal bone cyst. The most common malignant bone lesions are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and metastatic disease, such as from neuroblastoma. The radiograph remains the cornerstone for evaluation of the pediatric bone lesion. Radiographs provide information on the location of the lesion within the bone, the presence and type of mineralized matrix, the nature of the interface between the tumor and the surrounding host bone, and the reaction of the host bone to the presence of the tumor. In conjunction with the age of the patient, the radiograph is key to the differential diagnosis of a bone lesion. However, cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide useful additional information when the radiographic findings are not diagnostic. The goal of this article is to review the role of cross-sectional imaging modalities and imaging characteristics of common benign and malignant bone lesions in pediatric patients.Pediatric Bone Lesions: Beyond the Plain Radiographic EvaluationGeetika Khanna, D. Lee Bennett10.1053/j.ro.2011.07.008Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 1 (2012)2012-01-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-01-01471S0037-198X(11)X0005-69099