Seminars in Roentgenology
Volume 43, Issue 3 , Pages 204-222 , July 2008

Cardiomyopathy: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation

  • Gisela C. Mueller
  • ,
  • Anil Attili, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Anil Attili, FRCR, Assistant Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, MRI/CT, University of Michigan Health Systems, 4260 Plymouth Rd., Room 1847, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2713.

References 

  1. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996;93(5):841–842
  2. Elliott P. Cardiomyopathy (Diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy). Heart. 2000;84(1):106–112
  3. Dec GW, Fuster V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(23):1564–1575
  4. Felker GM, Hu W, Hare JM, et al. The spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy (The Johns Hopkins experience with 1,278 patients). Medicine (Baltimore). 1999;78(4):270–283
  5. Ichikawa Y, Sakuma H, Kitagawa K, et al. Evaluation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using fast steady-state cine MR imaging: comparison with left ventricular angiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2003;5(2):333–342
  6. Bellenger NG, Marcus NJ, Rajappan K, et al. Comparison of techniques for the measurement of left ventricular function following cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2002;4(2):255–263
  7. Hudsmith LE, Petersen SE, Tyler DJ, et al. Determination of cardiac volumes and mass with FLASH and SSFP cine sequences at 1.5 vs. 3 Tesla: a validation study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;24(2):312–318
  8. Chuang ML, Hibberd MG, Salton CJ, et al. Importance of imaging method over imaging modality in noninvasive determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: assessment by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(2):477–484
  9. Strohm O, Schulz-Menger J, Pilz B, et al. Measurement of left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13(3):367–371
  10. Imai H, Kumai T, Sekiya M, et al. [Left ventricular trabeculae evaluated with MRI in dilated cardiomyopathy and old myocardial infarction]. J Cardiol. 1992;22(1):83–90
  11. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(8):602–619
  12. Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS, et al. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology. 2001;218(1):215–223
  13. Kim DH, Choi SI, Chang HJ, et al. Delayed hyperenhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: clinical application for various cardiac diseases. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30(2):226–232
  14. White JA, Patel MR. The role of cardiovascular MRI in heart failure and the cardiomyopathies. Cardiol Clin. 2007;25(1):71–95vi
  15. Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(10):1977–1985
  16. McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, et al. Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation. 2003;108(1):54–59
  17. Park S, Choi BW, Rim SJ, et al. Delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging is useful in predicting functional recovery of nonischemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Card Fail. 2006;12(2):93–99
  18. Feldman AM, McNamara D. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(19):1388–1398
  19. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis (A histopathologic definition and classification). Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987;1(1):3–14
  20. Laissy JP, Hyafil F, Feldman LJ, et al. Differentiating acute myocardial infarction from myocarditis: diagnostic value of early- and delayed-perfusion cardiac MR imaging. Radiology. 2005;237(1):75–82
  21. Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation. 2004;109(10):1250–1258
  22. De Cobelli F, Pieroni M, Esposito A, et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8):1649–1654
  23. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002;287(10):1308–1320
  24. Severino S, Caso P, Cicala S, et al. Involvement of right ventricle in left ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: analysis by pulsed Doppler tissue imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2000;1(4):281–288
  25. Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, et al. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults (Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults). Circulation. 1995;92(4):785–789
  26. Basavarajaiah S, Shah A, Sharma S. Sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Heart. 2007;93(3):287–289
  27. Richard P, Charron P, Carrier L, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: distribution of disease genes, spectrum of mutations, and implications for a molecular diagnosis strategy. Circulation. 2003;107(17):2227–2232
  28. Lamke GT, Allen RD, Edwards WD, et al. Surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (A study of 204 cases (1996-2000)). Cardiovasc Pathol. 2003;12(3):149–158
  29. Moon JC, Fisher NG, McKenna WJ, et al. Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography. Heart. 2004;90(6):645–649
  30. Rickers C, Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, et al. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005;112(6):855–861
  31. Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(4):638–645
  32. De Castro S, Pelliccia A, Caselli S, et al. Remodelling of the left ventricle in athlete's heart: a three dimensional echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study. Heart. 2006;92(7):975–976
  33. Maron BJ. Distinguishing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athlete's heart: a clinical problem of increasing magnitude and significance. Heart. 2005;91(11):1380–1382
  34. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Di Paolo FM, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(4):690–696
  35. Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Francis JM, et al. Differentiation of athlete's heart from pathological forms of cardiac hypertrophy by means of geometric indices derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005;7(3):551–558
  36. Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, et al. Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(12):2156–2164
  37. Soler R, Rodriguez E, Monserrat L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship with left ventricular perfusion and contractile function. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30(3):412–420
  38. Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart. 2000;84(5):476–482
  39. Bogaert J, Goldstein M, Tannouri F, et al. Original report (Late myocardial enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with contrast-enhanced MR imaging). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(4):981–985
  40. Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, et al. Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;741(9):1561–1567
  41. Kushwaha SS, Fallon JT, Fuster V. Restrictive cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(4):267–276
  42. Hartnell GG, Hughes LA, Ko JP, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of pericardial constriction: comparison of cine MR angiography and spin-echo techniques. Clin Radiol. 1996;51(4):268–272
  43. Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(7):1475–1497
  44. Giorgi B, Mollet NR, Dymarkowski S, et al. Clinically suspected constrictive pericarditis: MR imaging assessment of ventricular septal motion and configuration in patients and healthy subjects. Radiology. 2003;228(2):417–424
  45. Masui T, Finck S, Higgins CB. Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology. 1992;182(2):369–373
  46. McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A, et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology). Br Heart J. 1994;71(3):215–218
  47. Fontaine G, Fontaliran F, Frank R. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathies: clinical forms and main differential diagnoses. Circulation. 1998;97(16):1532–1535
  48. Corrado D, Fontaine G, Marcus FI, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: need for an international registry (Study Group on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy of the Working Groups on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease and Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the World Heart Federation). Circulation. 2000;101(11):E101–E106
  49. Tandri H, Castillo E, Ferrari VA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: sensitivity, specificity, and observer variability of fat detection versus functional analysis of the right ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(11):2277–2284
  50. Maksimovic R, Ekinci O, Reiner C, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(3):560–568
  51. Tandri H, Saranathan M, Rodriguez ER, et al. Noninvasive detection of myocardial fibrosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy using delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(1):98–103
  52. Pignatelli RH, McMahon CJ, Dreyer WJ, et al. Clinical characterization of left ventricular noncompaction in children: a relatively common form of cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003;108(21):2672–2678
  53. Stollberger C, Winkler-Dworak M, Blazek G, et al. Association of electrocardiographic abnormalities with cardiac findings and neuromuscular disorders in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction. Cardiology. 2007;107(4):374–379
  54. Ichida F, Hamamichi Y, Miyawaki T, et al. Clinical features of isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: long-term clinical course, hemodynamic properties, and genetic background. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34(1):233–240
  55. Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, et al. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001;86(6):666–671
  56. Jenni R, Oechslin EN, van der Loo B. Isolated ventricular non-compaction of the myocardium in adults. Heart. 2007;93(1):11–15
  57. Ritter M, Oechslin E, Sutsch G, et al. Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium in adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72(1):26–31
  58. Patel KC, Pennell D, Leyva-Leon F. Left ventricular trabecular non-compaction. Heart. 2004;90(9):1076
  59. Varghese A, Fisher NG, Pennell DJ. Late recognition of left ventricular non-compaction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart. 2005;91(3):282
  60. McCrohon JA, Richmond DR, Pennell DJ, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine (Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium: a rarity or missed diagnosis?). Circulation. 2002;106(6):e22–e23
  61. Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, et al. Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):101–105
  62. Falk RH, Comenzo RL, Skinner M. The systemic amyloidoses. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(13):898–909
  63. Cheng AS, Banning AP, Mitchell AR, et al. Cardiac changes in systemic amyloidosis: visualisation by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol. 2006;113(1):E21–E23
  64. Hamer JP, Janssen S, van Rijswijk MH, et al. Amyloid cardiomyopathy in systemic non-hereditary amyloidosis (Clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings in 30 patients with AA and 24 patients with AL amyloidosis). Eur Heart J. 1992;13(5):623–627
  65. Duston MA, Skinner M, Shirahama T, et al. Diagnosis of amyloidosis by abdominal fat aspiration (Analysis of four years' experience). Am J Med. 1987;82(3):412–414
  66. Van Geluwe F, Dymarkowski S, Crevits I, et al. Amyloidosis of the heart and respiratory system. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(10):2358–2365
  67. Maredia N, Ray SG. Cardiac amyloidosis. Clin Med. 2005;5(5):504–509
  68. Leeson CP, Myerson SG, Walls GB, et al. Atrial pathology in cardiac amyloidosis: evidence from ECG and cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(14):1670
  69. Fattori R, Rocchi G, Celletti F, et al. Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis and symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 1998;136(5):824–830
  70. vanden Driesen RI, Slaughter RE, Strugnell WE. MR findings in cardiac amyloidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(6):1682–1685
  71. Maceira AM, Joshi J, Prasad SK, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2005;111(2):186–193
  72. Perugini E, Rapezzi C, Piva T, et al. Non-invasive evaluation of the myocardial substrate of cardiac amyloidosis by gadolinium cardiac magnetic resonance. Heart. 2006;92(3):343–349
  73. Sartwell PE, Edwards LB. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in the U.S. Navy. Am J Epidemiol. 1974;99(4):250–257
  74. Perry A, Vuitch F. Causes of death in patients with sarcoidosis (A morphologic study of 38 autopsies with clinicopathologic correlations). Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119(2):167–172
  75. Thomsen TK, Eriksson T. Myocardial sarcoidosis in forensic medicine. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999;20(1):52–56
  76. Matsui Y, Iwai K, Tachibana T, et al. Clinicopathological study of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1976;278:455–469
  77. Ardehali H, Howard DL, Hariri A, et al. A positive endomyocardial biopsy result for sarcoid is associated with poor prognosis in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 2005;150(3):459–463
  78. Silverman KJ, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH. Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Circulation. 1978;58(6):1204–1211
  79. Yazaki Y, Isobe M, Hiroe M, et al. Prognostic determinants of long-term survival in Japanese patients with cardiac sarcoidosis treated with prednisone. Am J Cardiol. 2001;188(9):1006–1010
  80. Uemura A, Morimoto S, Hiramitsu S, et al. Histologic diagnostic rate of cardiac sarcoidosis: evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies. Am Heart J. 1999;138(2 Pt. 1):299–302
  81. Tadamura E, Yamamuro M, Kubo S, et al. Effectiveness of delayed enhanced MRI for identification of cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with radionuclide imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(1):110–115
  82. Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis assessed at two university medical centers in the Netherlands. Chest. 2005;128(1):30–35
  83. Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, et al. The additional value of gadolinium-enhanced MRI to standard assessment for cardiac involvement in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest. 2005;128(3):1629–1637
  84. Vignaux O. Cardiac sarcoidosis: spectrum of MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(1):249–254
  85. Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt FM, et al. Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(5):1420–1426
  86. Vignaux O, Dhote R, Duboc D, et al. Detection of myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis applying T2-weighted, contrast-enhanced, and cine magnetic resonance imaging: initial results of a prospective study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26(5):762–767
  87. Rahko PS, Salerni R, Uretsky BF. Successful reversal by chelation therapy of congestive cardiomyopathy due to iron overload. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(2):436–440
  88. Westwood M, Anderson LJ, Firmin DN, et al. A single breath-hold multiecho T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique for diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18(1):33–39
  89. Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B, et al. Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(23):2171–2179
  90. Anderson LJ, Westwood MA, Holden S, et al. Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Br J Haematol. 2004;127(3):348–355

PII: S0037-198X(08)00028-X

doi: 10.1053/j.ro.2008.02.006

Seminars in Roentgenology
Volume 43, Issue 3 , Pages 204-222 , July 2008