Seminars in Roentgenology
Volume 41, Issue 2 , Pages 91-104 , April 2006

Breast Cancer Staging

  • Gary J. Whitman, MD

      Affiliations

    • Breast Imaging Section, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Gary J. Whitman, MD, Breast Imaging Section, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Unit 1350, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 301439, Houston, Texas 77230-1439.
  • ,
  • Declan G. Sheppard, MB, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Portiuncula Hospital, Ballinasloe, Gawaly, Ireland
  • ,
  • Michael J. Phelps, BS

      Affiliations

    • Georgetown University, Washington, DC
  • ,
  • Bianca N. Gonzales, MS

      Affiliations

    • Breast Imaging Section, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

References 

  1. Jemal A , Tiwari RC , Murray T , et al.   Cancer Statistics, 2004 . CA Cancer J Clin . 2004;54(1):8–29
  2. Berg WA . Imaging the local extent of disease . In:  Berg WA ,  Feig SA ,  Lagios MD , et al. editor. Seminars in Breast Disease, vol. 4. Local Extent of Disease . Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2001;p. 153–173
  3. Mumtaz H , Hall-Craggs MA , Davidson T , et al.   Staging of symptomatic primary breast cancer with MR imaging . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1997;169(2):417–424
  4. Newman LA , Sahin AA , Cunningham JE , et al.   A case-control study of unilateral and bilateral breast carcinoma patients . Cancer . 2001;91(10):1845–1853
  5. In:  Greene FL ,  Page DL ,  Fleming ID editor. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual . ed 6. New York, NY: Springer; 2002;p. 223–240
  6. Kuerer HM , Newman LA . Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer (developments and resolving controversies) . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23(8):1698–1705
  7. Smith RA , Saslow D , Sawyer KA , et al.   American Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening (update 2003) . CA Cancer J Clin . 2003;53(3):141–169
  8. Barth RJ , Gibson GR , Carney PA , et al.   Detection of breast cancer on screening mammography allows patients to be treated with less-toxic therapy . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2005;184(1):324–329
  9. Gill PG , Farshid G , Luke CG , et al.   Detection by screening mammography is a powerful independent predictor of survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer . Breast . 2004;13(1):15–22
  10. Kauhava L , Immonen-Raiha P , Parvinen I , et al.   Lower costs of hospital treatment of breast cancer through a population-based mammography screening programme . Eur J Public Health . 2004;14(2):128–133
  11. Pisano ED , Gatsonis C , Hendrick E , et al.   Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening . N Engl J Med . 2005;353(17):1773–1783
  12. American College of Radiology . ACR BI-RADS®-Ultrasound . ACR Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, Breast Imaging Atlas . Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2003;
  13. Soo MS , Baker JA , Rosen EL . Sonographic detection and sonographically guided biopsy of breast microcalcifications . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2003;180(4):941–948
  14. Berg WA , Gilbreath PL . Multicentric and multifocal cancer (whole-breast US in preoperative evaluation) . Radiology . 2000;214(1):59–66
  15. Moon WK , Noh DY , Im JG . Multifocal, multicentric, and contralateral breast cancers (bilateral whole-breast US in the preoperative evaluation of patients) . Radiology . 2002;224(2):569–576
  16. Kurtz JM , Spitalier JM , Amalric R , et al.   The prognostic significance of late local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1990;18(1):87–93
  17. Holland R , Veling SH , Mravunac M , et al.   Histologic multifocality of Tis, T1-2 breast carcinomas. Implications for clinical trials of breast-conserving surgery . Cancer . 1985;56(5):979–990
  18. Wanebo HJ , Senofsky GM , Fechner RE , et al.   Bilateral breast cancer. Risk reduction by contralateral biopsy . Ann Surg . 1985;201(6):667–677
  19. Haagenson CD . In: Diseases of the Breast . ed 3. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1986;p. 450
  20. Smith BL , Bertagnolli M , Klein BB , et al.   Evaluation of the contralateral breast. The role of biopsy at the time of treatment of primary breast cancer . Ann Surg . 1992;216(1):17–21
  21. Anastasiadis PG , Liberis VA , Koutlaki NG , et al.   Incidence and detection of contralateral breast cancer . Breast J . 2000;6(3):178–182
  22. Khurana KK , Loosmann A , Numann PJ , et al.   Prophylactic mastectomy (pathologic findings in high-risk patients) . Arch Pathol Lab Med . 2000;124(3):378–381
  23. Fisher ER , Fisher B , Sass R , et al.   Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (Protocol No. 4). XI. Bilateral breast cancer . Cancer . 1984;54(12):3002–3011
  24. Khan A , Sabel MS , Nees A , et al.   Comprehensive axillary evaluation in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients with ultrasonography and sentinel lymph node biopsy . Ann Surg Oncol . 2005;12(9):697–704
  25. Podkrajsek M , Music MM , Kadivec M , et al.   Role of ultrasound in the preoperative staging of patients with breast cancer . Eur Radiol . 2005;15(5):1044–1050
  26. Bedrosian I , Bedi D , Kuerer HM , et al.   Impact of clinicopathological factors on sensitivity of axillary ultrasonography in the detection of axillary nodal metastases in patients with breast cancer . Ann Surg Oncol . 2003;10(9):1025–1030
  27. Rizzatto G . Towards a more sophisticated use of breast ultrasound . Eur Radiol . 2001;11(12):2425–2435
  28. Altinyollar H , Dingil G , Berberoglu U . Detection of infraclavicular lymph node metastases using ultrasonography in breast cancer . J Surg Oncol . 2005;92(4):299–303
  29. Yang WT , Chang J , Metreweli C . Patients with breast cancer (differences in color Doppler flow and gray-scale US features of benign and malignant axillary lymph nodes) . Radiology . 2000;215(2):568–573
  30. de Kanter AY , van Eijck CH , van Geel AN , et al.   Multicentre study of ultrasonographically guided axillary node biopsy in patients with breast cancer . Br J Surg . 1999;86(11):1459–1462
  31. Parker SH , Jobe WE , Dennis MA , et al.   US-guided automated large-core breast biopsy . Radiology . 1993;187(2):507–511
  32. Lindfors KK , Rosenquist CJ . Needle core biopsy guided with mammography (a study of cost-effectiveness) . Radiology . 1994;190(1):217–222
  33. Parker SH . Percutaneous large core breast biopsy . Cancer . 1994;74:256–262 (suppl 1)
  34. Liberman L , Feng TL , Dershaw DD , et al.   US-guided core breast biopsy (use and cost-effectiveness) . Radiology . 1998;208(3):717–723
  35. Pisano ED , Fajardo LL , Caudry DJ , et al.   Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions in a multicenter clinical trial (results from the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group V) . Radiology . 2001;219(3):785–792
  36. Krishnamurthy S , Sneige N , Bedi DG , et al.   Role of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of indeterminate and suspicious axillary lymph nodes in the initial staging of breast carcinoma . Cancer . 2002;95(5):982–988
  37. Kuenen-Boumeester V , Menke-Pluymers M , de Kanter AY , et al.   Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. A preoperative staging procedure . Eur J Cancer . 2003;39(2):170–174
  38. Hlawatsch A , Teifke A , Schmidt M , et al.   Preoperative assessment of breast cancer (sonography versus MR imaging) . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2002;179(6):1493–1501
  39. Lehman CD , Schnall MD . Imaging in breast cancer (magnetic resonance imaging) . Breast Cancer Res . 2005;7(5):215–219
  40. Orel SG , Schnall MD . MR imaging of the breast for the detection, diagnosis, and staging of breast cancer . Radiology . 2001;220(1):13–30
  41. LaTrenta LR , Menell JH , Morris EA , et al.   Breast lesions detected with MR imaging (utility and histopathologic importance of identification with US) . Radiology . 2003;227(3):856–861
  42. Liberman L , Morris EA , Dershaw DD , et al.   Fast MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (initial experience) . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2003;181(5):1283–1293
  43. Orel SG , Rosen M , Mies C , et al.   MR imaging-guided 9-gauge vacuum-assisted core-needle breast biopsy (initial experience) . Radiology . 2006;238(1):54–61
  44. Liberman L , Bracero N , Morris E , et al.   MRI-guided 9-gauge vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (initial clinical experience) . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2005;185(1):183–193
  45. American College of Radiology . ACR BI-RADS®-Magnetic Resonance Imaging . ACR Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, Breast Imaging Atlas . Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2003;
  46. Liu PF , Debatin JF , Caduff RF , et al.   Improved diagnostic accuracy in dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of the breast by combined quantitative and qualitative analysis . Br J Radiol . 1998;71(845):501–509
  47. Mussurakis S , Buckley DL , Horsman A . Dynamic MR imaging of invasive breast cancer (correlation with tumour grade and other histological factors) . Br J Radiol . 1997;70(833):446–451
  48. Berg WA , Gutierrez L , NessAiver MS , et al.   Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer . Radiology . 2004;233(3):830–849
  49. Sardanelli F , Giuseppetti GM , Panizza P , et al.   Sensitivity of MRI versus mammography for detecting foci of multifocal, multicentric breast cancer in fatty and dense breasts using the whole-breast pathologic examination as a gold standard . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2004;183(4):1149–1157
  50. Liberman L , Morris EA , Dershaw DD , et al.   MR imaging of the ipsilateral breast in women with percutaneously proven breast cancer . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2003;180(4):901–910
  51. Schnall MD , Blume J , Bluemke DA , et al.   MRI detection of distinct incidental cancer in women with primary breast cancer studied in IBMC 6883 . J Surg Oncol . 2005;92(1):32–38
  52. Bedrosian I , Mick R , Orel SG , et al.   Changes in the surgical management of patients with breast carcinoma based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging . Cancer . 2003;98(3):468–473
  53. Slanetz PJ , Edmister WB , Yeh ED , et al.   Occult contralateral breast carcinoma incidentally detected by breast magnetic resonance imaging . Breast J . 2002;8(3):145–148
  54. Liberman L , Morris EA , Kim CM , et al.   MR imaging findings in the contralateral breast of women with recently diagnosed breast cancer . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2003;180(2):333–341
  55. Lehman CD , Blume JD , Thickman D , et al.   Added cancer yield of MRI in screening the contralateral breast of women recently diagnosed with breast cancer (results from the International Breast Magnetic Resonance Consortium (IBMC) trial) . J Surg Oncol . 2005;92(1):9–15 discussion 15-16
  56. Murray AD , Staff RT , Redpath TW , et al.   Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of the axilla in women with breast cancer (comparison with pathology of excised nodes) . Br J Radiol . 2002;75(891):220–228
  57. Stets C , Brandt S , Wallis F , et al.   Axillary lymph node metastases (a statistical analysis of various parameters in MRI with USPIO) . J Magn Reson Imaging . 2002;16(1):60–68
  58. Esserman L . Integration of imaging in the management of breast cancer . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23(8):1601–1602
  59. Weir L , Worsley D , Bernstein V . The value of FDG positron emission tomography in the management of patients with breast cancer . Breast J . 2005;11(3):204–209

PII: S0037-198X(06)00010-1

doi: 10.1053/j.ro.2006.03.003

Seminars in Roentgenology
Volume 41, Issue 2 , Pages 91-104 , April 2006